Knowledge Brokering and the Work of Information Technology Professionals Essay

Theoretical  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses the motivation behind the exploratory examination; the outcome that facilitating rehearses for data dissemination are influenced by the auxiliary conditions in the association. Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area discusses how an IT proficient perspectives himself and what some IT experts feel about their job in the data dispersion chain in the organization. It discusses how an IT proficient must extend their job to assume the mantle of spreading data to all quarters and feel that their obligation isn't just to guarantee that data streams yet guarantee that data is accessible to everybody such that they are made mindful of rather than them looking for data when they need it. It knows versus looking for. Related Research  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses the nonappearance of any past speculations on information facilitating and how the creators utilized investigations from the region of authoritative science to base their examination and start their exploration. It additionally focuses to the confinement of the article that it doesn’t talk about any prescribed procedures that can be utilized in compelling information move among the various units of an association Limit Spanning  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses how there are various limits in an association, inside just as outer and how limit spanners are the ones who have the duty of moving information starting with one unit then onto the next unit of the association. Arranged Learning  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area discusses the hypothesis that learning and information move rely upon the network that the individuals associate in. it brings along perspectives like culture, regardless of whether in the association of in the city or nation. It discusses how various individuals have various perspectives on things and that their condition can and will fortify their perspectives †as the vast majority of us like to be with similarly invested individuals. Technique  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area discusses the entire technique of how the writers have approached investigating the article and thinking of their hypothesis and thinking. Examination Site  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area gives a sensibly nitty gritty foundation of the organization that is picked for research. The organization is a fortune 100 organization with 55,000 workers and has 600 plants and focuses in North America. Information Collection  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses the information assortment procedure, which was a semi-organized meeting of one hour terms. They began from the CIO and went down the levels of leadership. The meetings were held with IT experts just like the degree and premise of the examination. Examination  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses how the information that was assembled during interviews was later checked on and how the creators approached adding notes and extra remarks to the data before they went to the outcomes. The examination was basically subjective. Just 23 members make up the entire examination. Results  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â The outcome was a lot of subjects that came out from the examination of the meetings that were led. The creators went into brief subtleties of each topic and they are introduced beneath. Position of IT experts  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This discussions about how IT proficient position themselves in the association to be viable in the work they do. The way that most positions required space aptitude helped the IT experts as they had the option to manufacture validity with the division that they worked in. Mutual Systems as Boundary Objects  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area clarifies how the way that IT is a piece of each business exchange influences all progressions that occur in an association. It likewise discusses how the IT professionals’ cooperation in extremely significant gatherings turns into an opportunity for information handling and how IT experts can make the most of such chances. Expediting Practices  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area gives a prologue to the kinds of subjects for information expediting that rose; they are examined in detail later. Intersection Boundaries  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This is the principal subject and it alludes to IT experts going to various units and spreading data or sharing information. It discusses how the activity taken by various IT experts can influence the information facilitating inside the organization. Surfacing and Challenging Assumptions  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses how IT experts would routinely ask â€Å"Why† to challenge a specific presumption and discover the basic explanation or change the frameworks utilizing this methodology. Interpretation and Interpretation  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses the subject of being an interpreter and translator for various offices and being the individual who might discover arrangements among all the languages that they use. Giving up Ownership  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses how for each change the IT experts consistently required the endorsement of the units that they worked in. it likewise specifies how the IT experts introduced themselves to be unprejudiced despite the fact that they generally needed a specific method to execute things. Results of Knowledge Brokering  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses how the IT experts considered themselves to be IT individuals as well as individuals who moved the data starting with one piece of the organization then onto the next part. Conversation  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment wraps up the subject and harps on the way that common frameworks was one of the most significant devices that IT experts utilized in sharing information and how the activity of an IT proficient was changing in the structures that exist in various associations. Assessment  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â In this segment the writers assess their work and educate the peruser how their investigation covers many varying viewpoints and what it offers. End  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This segment discusses how the job of the IT proficient in data sharing is reducing as they get sidelined to just structure and keeping up data frameworks. It likewise makes reference to that the IT experts currently need to revaluate their employments and perceive how they can increase the value of the association. References  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area records all the references that are utilized in the article. About the creators  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area discusses the creators, their accomplishments and fortes. Informative supplement  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â This area records the inquiries that were posed during the meetings that were led. Suppositions  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â The creators accept that what occurs in one organization occurs in all organization. They notice themselves that the job of an IT expert can change contingent upon the structure in the association, its opposing. Constraints  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â The investigation just ganders at one organization and talked with 23 individuals in it. The entire paper depends on data accumulated there. It doesn't utilize any factual apparatuses and the hypothesis depends on subjective information as it were. The examination doesn't share any prescribed procedures (absence of relative example) and doesn't give solid proposals on what's on the horizon for the IT proficient.

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Social insurance advertising - Essay Example Furthermore, situating estimating system tries to augment the present incomes for medicinal services establishments with no respect to overall revenues. Valuing in human services organizations should be a latent part with the goal that the social insurance administrations can be reasonable to everyone. Items and arrangements have distinctive situating procedures, which they use to cut a specialty in the market. For items, they should utilize the serious estimating methodology to set a decent client base in the market. This system should target surpassing the competitors’ quality in the market. This can be accomplished through concentrating on quality favorable position and item separation. A remarkable converse, administrations industry should take an alternate technique, which targets improving the nature of administrations offered by the specialist organization. Such administrations utilizes concurrent rivalry that tries to build publicizing for their administrations, presenting new administrations, giving discounts and impetuses to customers and offering exceptional help advancements for their administrations. This move will help increment profitability on their administrations that will bring about lower cost and high caliber

Drug and Substance Abuse of Deaf People

Drug and Substance Abuse of Deaf People Addiction Drug Use Print Drug Abuse in the Deaf Community By Jamie Berke facebook Jamie Berke is a deafness and hard of hearing expert. Learn about our editorial policy Jamie Berke Updated on October 11, 2018 Towfiqu Photography / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery When I was in junior high, I had a close encounter with drugs. One day a small group of hearing teens invited me to try some stuff, and they showed it to me. It was white and powdery. I had no idea what it was, but my intuition told me that it was something bad. Looking back, I believe it was cocaine. Fortunately, at the time I had enough sense to say no. In the 70s, they didnt teach me about drugs and what little I knew came from reading. Drug Education for Deaf Students There are captioned and signed videos available through the Described and Captioned Media Program under the Drug Abuse subcategory, which can be found within the Health and Safety category. An article that addresses drug education for deaf students is Drug abuse resistance education (D.A.R.E.): special consideration for students who are deaf or hard of hearing, Journal of the American Deafness and Rehabilitation Association p 9-11, vol. 26, no. 2, Fall 1992. Research on Deafness and Drug Abuse Many articles have been written on substance abuse among deaf and hard of hearing people. The Minnesota Chemical Dependency Program provides several articles online, many of which have bibliographies. Topics include ethics, access to treatment, and an analysis of the Minnesota treatment model. Additional papers include: Isaacs, Morton J. (1979). Patterns of drinking among the deaf. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 6 (4), 463-476.Providing chemical dependency treatment to the deaf or hard of hearing mentally ill client, Journal of the American Deafness and Rehabilitation Association, p 1-14, vol 27 no 1, summer 1993.Substance abuse among the deaf population: an overview of current strategies, programs barriers to recovery, Journal of the American Deafness and Rehabilitation Association, vol 22 no 4, April 1989, p 79-85. Gallaudet University library in Washington, D.C. has the Masters thesis Alcohol and cigarette use expectancies among deaf and hard-of-hearing participants in a substance abuse treatment program, by Eleanor C. Dunai (2001). Another thesis also on file at Gallaudet University library is An analysis of variables that impact treatment outcomes of chemically dependent deaf and hard of hearing individuals, by Debra Sue Guthmann-Ternus (1995). Both these  may also be available through University Microfilms International. How Smoking Can Increase Health Risks in Alcoholics Support for Deaf Drug Abusers Support groups for deaf substance abusers exist although there are apparently few of them. For example, according to one reader, Alcoholics Anonymous meetings take place in Frederick, Maryland on Wednesdays in the evenings. The same reader said there is an AA meeting with an ASL interpreter in Washington, DC on Sundays at noon, at 1623 Connecticut Ave. Treatment Centers Some treatment centers have added services for deaf substance abusers. A National Directory of Alcohol and Other Drugs Prevention and Treatment Programs Accessible to the Deaf, is available through the Rochester Institute of Technology Substance and Alcohol Intervention Services for the Deaf (SAISD). This downloadable directory can be used by either deaf people seeking help or counselors seeking programs for clients in need. State Programs Some states have substance abuse services for the deaf: MarylandDeaf Addiction Services At Maryland (DASAM)MinnesotaMinnesota Chemical Dependency Program for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals New JerseySigns of Sobriety, a program in New Jersey.New YorkSubstance and Alcohol Intervention Services for the Deaf at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York. They provide services for both clients and professionals working with deaf substance abusers.FEGS-New York Society for the Deaf offers a substance abuse program.Washington, D.C.The Mental Health Center at Gallaudet University offers an alcohol and substance abuse program. Professional Organizations ADARA, formerly the American Deafness and Rehabilitation Association, is a professional organization for service providers to the deaf and hard of hearing. Among its special interest sections is a section on Chemical Dependency. Books on Deafness and Drug Abuse These books on deafness and alcoholism/drug abuse are available: Deaf Sober: Journeys Through Recovery, by Betty G. Miller. (compare prices)Signs of Drug Use: An Introduction to Some Drug and Alcohol-Related Vocabulary in American Sign Language (compare prices)Counseling the Deaf Substance Abuser (ISBN 0966375300), by Frank Lala. Available through Gregory Kassel, Midas Management Company, PO Box 610393, San Jose, CA 95161 Education on Deafness and Drug Abuse Gallaudet Universitys Department of Social Work offers a course, Alcohol and Drug Addictions: Intervention Strategies. The course description in the Gallaudet catalog reads: This course prepares the student in one of the helping professions to understand the primary issues related to the use and abuse of alcohol and other drugs, including narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and marijuana. The impact of drug use on the individual, the family, and society will be examined, including the psychological ramifications of children of alcoholics and drug abusers. Emphasis will be on the development of intervention skills and identifying the person who is abusing chemicals. Knowledge of community resources and programs, with attention given to accessibility to deaf substance abusers, will be covered. In addition, The Distance Learning Center for Addiction Studies (www.dlcas.com/) offers courses  on deafness and substance abuse: Deaf/Hard of Hearing and Substance Abuse.

Essay about Richard Nixon - 1343 Words

CATE LARSEN//PD7 RICHARD NIXON 11/26 Richard Nixon; the name alone brings to mind terrible words along the lines of scandal and failure. Nixon was the 37th president of the United States. He was also the first and last president to resign from office. However, the scandals leading to Nixon’s resignation definitely overshadowed his humble beginnings and the accomplishments he made as president during the notorious decades of the Cold War. Richard Milhous Nixon was born to Francis and Hannah Nixon on January 9, 1913 on a lemon ranch his father built in Yorba Linda, California. His early life was marked by financial hardship and by the deaths of his brothers. In 1922, after the failure of the ranch, Frank Nixon opened a grocery†¦show more content†¦Nixon’s performance in the â€Å"kitchen debate† further raised his stature back in the United States. Nixon was so popular with the American people that he went on to run for President himself in 1960, but he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. After losing another minor election Nixon publically announced his political career was over. The Nixon family moved to New York during what Nixon himself later referred to as his â€Å"wilderness years.† In January 1968, Nixon decided to once again seek the nomination of the Republican Party for president. Portraying himself as a figure of stability in a time of national upheaval, Nixon promised a return to traditional values and â€Å"law and order.† Nixon shocked the world by not only winning his partys nomination but dominating the race and becoming the 37th president of the United States. Nixon’s first term of presidency was full of accomplishments. Once in office, Nixon and his staff faced the problem of how to end the Vietnam War. Nixon made a nationally televised address on November 3, 1969, calling on Americans to renew their confidence in the government and back his policy of seeking a negotiated peace in Vietnam. Earlier that year, Nixon and his Defense Secretary Melvin Laird had unveiled the policy of â€Å"Vietnamization,† which entailed reducing American troop levels in Vietnam and transferring the burden ofShow MoreRelatedRichard Nixon : The Silent1491 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Nixon was a president that dealt with many problems while he was in office, such as Vietnam, China, and civil rights. Nixon was a great politician and appeared to want the best for America. In Nixon s silent majority speech he wanted to end the war in vietnam while sparing the â€Å"democratic† citizens in southern Vietnam, but for him to do this he needed to bargain with the citizens of America and the leaders of the western world in order to accomplish his goals without too many problems, suchRead MorePardon of Richard Nixon1193 Words   |  5 PagesControversial Pardon of Richard Nixon HIST102 American History Since 1877 Instructor: 22 February 2014 Former President Richard Nixon is most well-known for his role in the Watergate crisis in the early 1970’s. The Watergate crisis started in June of 1972, when the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters was broke into by members of Nixon’s re-election committee. The press took this breaking news and began to dig deeper into what the Whitehouse (President Nixon) was hiding. Over theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Richard Nixon1104 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Nixon, though created a large credibility gap within the US, he accomplished a lot for the country. He served five years in the presidential office as a republican (1969-1974), and he was the only president to resign from office in history. Although through his presidency he had accomplished many things, such as creating revenue sharing, ending the draft, and creating anticrime laws, he still had a rough time rebuilding his reputation after many assumptions of corruption in his office. ThoughRead MoreThe Presiden cy Of Richard Nixon1856 Words   |  8 Pagesthe 1970s, under President Richard Nixon, the people felt the first serious inflation since after World War II. Also under Nixon, a scandal of political sabotage caused fear and mistrust towards the government. 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The Reform And Consumer Protection Act ( Dodd Frank )

Experts are predicting the government will not maintain the current levels of spending resulting in long-term deficit increases. Regulation: Financial legislation has always played a crucial role in the safety and soundness of the banking industry. Since the 2008 financial crisis, mostly caused by loose lending practices and lack of credit standards, bank regulation pressures have increased considerably. The increased regulatory burden is playing a toll on community financial institutions who cannot keep up with the overhead cost it takes to meet the new regulations. It is frustrating community bankers since most new regulation was written for the â€Å"too big to fail† banks as they were the majority driver of the subpar lending practices.†¦show more content†¦There are a number of existing consumer protection laws that were handed over to the CFPB including the Truth-in-Lending Act, Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. The CFPB will ensure consumers receive simple and accurate information with applying for a mortgage, credit card, persona l loan and any other financial products and services. The biggest criticisms about the CFPB are one, they follow the one-size-fits-all rule when writing regulation and two, have all the control with no one overseeing them. Basel III is another law implemented that will place additional strain on Banks. Basel III is a set of reform measures, developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It is a framework used to strengthen risk management and a banks ability to absorb shocks from financial and economic stress. Basel III implemented new tier 1 capital requirements, new minimum leverage ratio requirements and new liquidity coverage ratios requirements. Community banks enjoyed a small victory by delaying the final implementation requirements for Basel III to March 31, 2019. ECONOMIC FORECAST – 18 MONTHS America’s short term economic future could be in for a series of roller coaster peaks and troughs. There are 3 major factors to take into consideration over the next 18 months that could severely impact the economic

The Impact of Technology on Music in the 20th Century Free Essays

string(37) " money being spent on entertainment\." Matthew Hugenschmidt LBST 3020-090 Final Paper For centuries man has sought pleasure through music and visual arts. Until the last 100 years or so that required someone to go see a live performance, either locally or possibly to a larger metropolis with concert halls and theaters. The technological advances experienced in the last century have allowed the pairing of the audio and visual media for the masses, and have let them spread much farther than their local roots and changed their influence on society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Technology on Music in the 20th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though essentially performing the same function, they have gone from merely allowing an escape from everyday life for very limited audiences to affecting American society’s values, view of its own culture, and consumerism. With the advent of the gramophone in 1901 people were able to listen to music inside their own homes, as well as were able to easily transport music from one area to another. (Savage 115) It was these earliest recordings brought with the American troops, or doughboys, in WWI that brought jazz, blues, and other American musical styles to Europe. These recordings would heavily influence the shape of the European musical landscape after the war, and also increase the overseas demand for American culture and style. The music and associated dances were completely new to Europeans, and combined with the care free attitude of the Americans it showed what was seen as a hopeful way of life that had all but been forgotten in the war ravaged continent. This craving for American culture would have a large effect on the coming European generations, and would help steer the musical course for the bands that started the British Invasion. Almost simultaneously, nickelodeons started to become popular in urban areas of the United States. Named after their admission price, a nickel, these places showed short motion pictures and were usually located in working class districts. (essortment. com) Since the movies of the time were silent, the theaters usually had a piano or organ to provide music for the film. This was the first time there was a mass media distribution that included both audio and visual components, though the music played varied a bit from theater to theater. As movie technology improved nickelodeons soon ecame out of date, but they laid the ground work for audio and visual pairings in mass media. The rise of national radio broadcasts in the United States would play a huge part in the spread of music around the country. When the national broadcasts went to clear channel, it signaled the rise of weekly radio shows that became standard nationwide. Because of the limited variety of programming at the time, the se programs had a very large audience base. One of these radio shows was Ozzie and Harriet, a family oriented radio show that was based on Ozzie and Harriet Nelson’s family. The show was quite popular on the radio since it portrayed the everyday stereotypical white suburban family. The major leap came when television became the new medium of choice. In 1957 Ozzie and Harriet moved from radio to television, and by this point their son Ricky had also become an integral part of the show. This was during the very beginnings of Rock Roll, and Ozzie saw an opportunity to cross market his son as both an actor and a singer. At the time the genre was represented primarily by figures like Elvis and Chuck Berry who were by considered risque by the elder suburban white population. Ricky Nelson was marketed as a wholesome alternative singing the same style of music, thereby appealing to both the youth and their parents. This was a major step in defining stars in pop culture since it cemented that the performers image could be more important than their musical ability and gave rise to the teen idol culture. Concurrently, since the national broadcasters had begun to focus on television, the local radio stations no longer had time occupied retransmitting the major station broadcasts. Because of this they found it necessary to diversify their offerings to fill the time slots. This allowed them to cater more to their local audience and what they wanted to hear. This heralded the rise of the disc jockey, and because the radio signals reached beyond the immediate locale it broadened the fan base for many musical styles. Programs like Red Hot and Blue in Memphis started playing some more alternative styles, and when it was realized that there was a large demand for this music they became important for the stations and their advertisers. (Miller 35) These shows would play what they pitched as new and â€Å"hot† tracks, thereby pushing their listeners in the directions they wanted. The person that would take this to the next step was Dick Clark with American Bandstand. He very successfully took what these radio shows were doing and applied it to national television. By carefully selecting the performing artists and the kids dancing to the music, he cultivated a very tame and innocent atmosphere for the show. This was integral in changing the image of Rock Roll and its perception by the older generation, and though there had been variety shows for a good number of years, it was the first television show to completely focus on music and giving it a visual component. American Bandstand would go on to be one of the longest running series in television history. Also in the mid-1950s movie industry was becoming more popular than it had ever been, and this was due largely to the trickle down of the post World War II economic boom. Many teens had part time jobs doing things like delivering papers or running errands, and others were given an allowance by their parents. Because they had no bills to pay, all of the income for this demographic was disposable income. This led to almost all of their money being spent on entertainment. You read "The Impact of Technology on Music in the 20th Century" in category "Papers" This started in the early 1900s with the nickelodeons, and then progressed as the movie industry expanded and technology progressed to allow longer films and include audio. When the movie Blackboard Jungle was released in 1955 it brought out a very interesting revelation. The Bill Haley and His Comets’ song â€Å"(We’re Gonna) Rock Around the Clock† was played over the opening credits, and though it had been released the year before it had not fared well at all on the charts. As soon as it was featured in the movie it immediately shot to the top of the charts, where it remained for eight weeks. Covach 78) Alan Freed, a New York City DJ, immediately saw an opportunity and began making movies such as Rock Around the Clock, Rock Rock Rock, and Mr. Rock and Roll. These movies had very little in the way of plot or story line, but focused on promoting some of the hottest musical acts of the time, including Chuck Berry and Little Richard. They also served to further the career of several new artists such as Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers. (Covach 84) This would mark the beginning of cross marketing musical stars into movies. The person who is most responsible for the cross genre bridge between music and visual media was Elvis. His start was a humble one, beginning with him paying for his own recording at Sun Records. Sam Phillips thought the he heard something special and signed him. For the first year and a half that after his first Sun recordings, Elvis was primarily known in the south and was relegated to the country charts. It wasn’t until Phillips sold his contract to RCA that Elvis began getting television appearances, starting with Stage Show. Covach 85) The show had poor ratings, but within week of his start there he had become a national phenomenon. This led to his appearances on the Milton Berle show, the Steve Allen show, and culminating in the Ed Sullivan show. With his good looks, sex appeal, and exciting performance style, his television performances rapidly cast him onto the national stage. (Covach 84) This meteoric rise would forever cement the link between image and popularity, an d also add to the â€Å"rags to riches† dream which has always been prevalent in lower and middle class households. Once Freed’s movies started coming out and doing well, RCA was quick to pitch their new star as an actor as well, though more as a feature with hip music in it rather than a sort of American Bandstand movie. The movies Elvis did, such as Jailhouse Rock, fared decently well at the box office, and usually had a single by the same name released concurrently, which in turn became a hit. The companies behind the scenes had realized that by doing this they could have their star produce multiple revenue streams for them. This would lead to a slew of movies following the same formula, especially beach movies with surf music. These movies would prove to be very influential to the images of bands and individual singers for years to come. The next level of combining visual arts and music came in the form of marketing for a band, manifested as The Beatles’ A Hard Day’s Night. This movie departed from the Elvis style fictional motion picture that just included songs by the featured artists, which were pretty much standard at the time. Rather, this film portrayed The Beatles roughly as their lives actually were. Though exaggerated, they used The Beatles playing themselves showing their daily lives. The use of irony and satire were prevalent throughout the movie, which makes it an entertaining comedy. Even so, the viewer gets the sense that they are connected to the band and has gotten to know them on a personal level, and they could easily be someone down the street. One of the common themes throughout the film is the manager’s futile attempts at controlling the band members. Whenever he tells the band they need to do something like reply to fan mail or stay in the dressing room the first thing that is done is the opposite. Though the band members are always going against what they are being told to do, they always come through to fulfill their responsibilities, usually at the last possible moment. This appealed to both the youth who appreciated the free spiritedness The Beatles exhibited as well as the adults who cared about the example it set of fulfilling responsibility, thereby successfully cross marketing the band to both demographics. All of these events were heavily intertwined with the boom in consumerism in the 1950s and 60s. In an era of excess, the image of success is what was being sold. The idea of the suburban house with two cars and modern amenities was what the older generation who still remembered the depression was being pushed towards. With the surplus of disposable income in the post WWII economic boom, Americans began replacing items rather than fixing them, which let almost all products to be disposable. This attitude carried over to entertainment as well. Because of the short attention span of the general public it was no longer enough to just make good music. The image of the artist and how they were marketed became in some cases more important than the music itself. Rock Roll was integral in the shift of America’s values in 1950s to 1960s towards the liberal side, starting with the youth. The music and the image it portrayed meant different things to different people, usually split by generation, but the successful visual marketing done by some key players helped change the image and soften the transition to allow the older generation to become more receptive to the cultural changes. The liberalization of music and image that started in the 60s would grow by leaps and bounds in the 70s. Artists began to take the alter ego route started by the Beatles with Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band and stepped it up a notch. One of the most notable examples of this was Alice Cooper. Alice Cooper’s lead singer, Vincent Furnier, had noticed that most rock stars of the day were portrayed as heroes, but there were few rock villains. He created the persona of Alice Cooper as such a villain and also dressed in tattered women’s clothes to add more social controversy. The biggest break and controversy that really launched the band was the infamous â€Å"Chicken Incident†, where at a show a chicken somehow made its way on stage. Thinking chickens could fly Alice Cooper threw the chicken into the air above the audience thinking it would fly away. Unfortunately, the chicken fell into the audience where it was torn apart. This turned into a story of him biting the head off the chicken and drinking its blood, which made national headlines. As had been learned with Elvis, the only bad press is no press, and this rang true for Alice Cooper as well. Following this, their performances were known for being â€Å"dangerous, dark, and irreverent. † (Covach 344) These shows usually ended with some sort of gruesome death for Alice, frequently beheading or electric chair. This goes to show how important and image and show could be to the career of a band. The next major development in visual and music pairing was MTV. This would go on to change the course of pop music and culture from its inception in 1981 all the way through the present day. MTV was modeled after Top 40 radio, focusing on the most popular artists at the time. In the early days they found that their most successful market was mainly the Midwest, so they focused on playing the mainstream rock artists that were usually white as well. At the same time most videos were shot on shoestring budgets since labels weren’t convinced that music videos would pay off in additional sales. (Covach 451) The view of music videos would change with Michael Jackson. In 1983 â€Å"Billie Jean† was rising in the pop charts, but MTV refused to play the video, presumably because it was thought it wouldn’t appeal to their target audience. After a great deal of pressure from Jackson’s label MTV conceded, and the video became very successful. This brought a significant rise in popularity to both the network and artist, and that in turn showed the labels the importance of music videos. After that, videos were major undertakings with major label backing and significant repercussions. It was found that even if the music wasn’t good, if the artist looked good in the video then they could be successful. This really is a continuation of the teen idol phase of the late 1950s, just taken to the next level and across a broader range of styles, which still continues today. Though MTV had become more popular and mainstream, it also had the double edged effect of negative media attention for the content of the videos it played. Applying images to music that was said to be â€Å"a help to the devil† (Gilmore 263) would bring further scrutiny to the content of the music itself. Though rap music was already under attack from the media and PMRC (Parents Music Resource Commission), videos like that of N. W. A. would further widen the gap. The most important technological advancement of the last 20 years or so is the development of the internet. This one creation has done more to connect the globe and share information than anything else in the history of man. The amount of information that is readily available o anyone with an internet connection is almost incomprehensible. This sharing of information has also had a drastic effect on the music industry and artists. According to Brian Hiatt and Evan Serpick â€Å"the Internet appears to be the most consequential technology shift for selling music since the 1920s. † (Hiatt Serpick) Because of the internet, anyone with a microphone or video camera an d internet access can publish their music. With the advent of some computer programs like Pro-Tools there isn’t even a need for musicianship. This has greatly changed the landscape for artists and how music is viewed socially. Until an artist becomes successful enough for corporations to heavily invest in, the responsibility for creating an image and fan base has largely moved from the label to the artists themselves. No longer does the label sign a band, make a record, and then produce a formulaic video to try to garner interest. Take Arctic Monkeys for example. Their debut album â€Å"Whatever people Say I Am, That’s What I’m Not† released in 2006 became the fastest selling debut album in British music history. (NME) They did this by recording early demos and giving them away on burned CDs at shows. In the digital age, these songs were immediately shared on the internet as well by their fans, which greatly broadened their popularity. Once their popularity was recognized, they were signed and had a huge debut album. This shows the shift in landscape and how the sharing of information and files on the internet can impact such a major industry. Works Cited Covach, John. What’s That Sound? An Introduction to Rock and Its History. New York: W. W. Norton ; Company, 2009. Essortment. com. The Nickelodeon’s History. ; http://www. essortment. com/nickelodeons-history-21268. html;. Gilmore, Mikal. Night Beat: a Shadow History of Rock ; Roll. New York: Anchor Books, 1998. Hiatt, Brian and Evan Serpick. â€Å"The Record Industry’s Decline†. Rolling Stone 19 June 2007: n. pag. Web. Miller, James. Flowers In the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock n’ Roll 1947-1977. New York: Fireside, 1999. NME. com. â€Å"Susan Boyle beats Leona Lewis, Arctic Monkeys to ‘biggest first week sales for UK debut album’ title†. http://www. nme. com/news/various-artists/48619 Samuels, David. Only Love Can Break Your Heart. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2008. Savage, Jon. Teenage: the prehistory of youth culture: 1875-1945. New York: Penguin Books, 2007. How to cite The Impact of Technology on Music in the 20th Century, Essays

Commercial Entrepreneurship And Social Entrepreneurship Commerce Essay Example For Students

Commercial Entrepreneurship And Social Entrepreneurship Commerce Essay In this session, I will discourse about the difference of commercial entrepreneurship and societal entrepreneurship. Normally, societal enterprisers and commercial enterprisers are holding similarity every bit good as differences. There will besides certain issues sing societal entrepreneurship to be discussed in this session. This chapter will concentrate on the motive factor of societal entrepreneurship. There will besides brief treatment about motive of commercial entrepreneurship in order to demo the different motive factor between two types of entrepreneurship. The first definition of entrepreneurship was defined at 250 old ages ago. The first important function of the entrepreneurship was foremost recognized by 18th century man of affairs Richard Cantillon ( 1931 ) . He described enterpriser as morticians engaged in market exchange at their ain hazard for the intent of doing a net income. Dave Roberts and Christine Woods ( 2005 ) has defined entrepreneurship base on two position which included academic and practician. James A ; Howard A ; Jane ( 2006 ) stated entrepreneurship purposes at making profitable operations ensuing in private addition. This contrast is, of class, overstated. Commercial entrepreneurship does profit society in the signifier of new and valuable goods, services, and occupations, and can hold transformative societal impacts. Such transmutations can even be a impulsive motive for some commercial enterprisers. Kao ( 1993 ) has defined that Entrepreneurship is the procedure of adding something new and something different for the intent of making wealth for the person and adding value to society. An enterpriser has to be originative and advanced in order to hold a sustainable growth concern. In fact, enterprisers are considered as one of the chief subscribers to state economic system growing. Entrepreneurial activity benefit community and society as it creates occupation chance, income, merchandises and services with his creativeness and invention to us. Outline1 2.2.2 Role of Social Entrepreneurship2 2.2.3 Social Entrepreneurship as Net income or Non-profit Organization?3 2.3 Motivation for Entrepreneurship4 2.3.1 Need for Achievement5 2.3.2 Locus of Control6 2.3.3 Vision7 2.3.4 Desire for Independence8 2.3.5 Passion9 2.3.6 Drive10 2.4 Motivation for Social Entrepreneurship11 2.4.1 Altruism12 2.4.2 Traits and Skills13 2.4.3 Behavior14 2.4.4 Context and background15 A theoretical account of societal entrepreneurial intentionsmodel of SE intentions.png16 2.4.5 Opportunity Perception and Recognition17 2.4.6 Personal values 2.2.2 Role of Social Entrepreneurship Presents, Social entrepreneurship is likely to go more of import than commercial entrepreneurship as there are many societal jobs occurred. Seelos and Mair ( 2005 ) defined societal enterpriser create theoretical accounts in order to carry through rudimentss human needs that bing selling have failed to fulfill. Social enterprisers are holding the mission to alter society. James A ; Howard A ; Jane ( 2006 ) , stated that societal entrepreneurship as advanced, societal value making activity that can happen within or across the non-profit, concern, or authorities sectors. They have farther elaborated the construct for deeper apprehension for the construct by developing four variables which are market failure, mission, resource mobilisation, and public presentation measuring. To certain extend, societal endeavors correct market failure whereby a job for the commercial enterpriser is an chance for the societal enterpriser. The writers have showed that proposition that market failure wil l make differing entrepreneurial chances for societal and commercial entrepreneurships. The Mission for the societal entrepreneurship is purposes to make societal value for the public good by assisting and benefits the populace. Human capital for the societal entrepreneurship will be a critical factor finding the success of societal entrepreneurship. Normally, the economic sciences of a societal entrepreneurial venture frequently make it hard to counterbalance staff every bit competitively as in commercial markets. Therefore, employees who work for societal endeavors frequently hope to have non-financial compensation for their work. Human and fiscal resource mobilisation will be a prevalent difference and will take to basically different attacks in pull offing fiscal and human resources. It would be hard to mensurate the public presentation of a societal endeavor merely like commercial endeavor as we can mensurate it in footings of profitableness and market portion. Therefore, publi c presentation measuring of societal impact will stay a cardinal discriminator, perplexing answerability and stakeholder dealingss. My Justice, Resource mobilisation, it is non about the compensation, it is about self- willingness to work for the societal endeavor. Dave and Christine ( 2005 ) have defined societal entrepreneurships base on two position which are academic position and practician position. From the academic position, they stated that Construction, rating and chase of chances for societal alteration, while walking anecdotes, with new thoughts to turn to major jobs, who are relentless in the chase of their vision, people who merely will non take no for an reply and who will non give up until they spread their thoughts every bit far as they perchance can, is derived from practician position. There is no individual manner of qualifying socially entrepreneurial ventures ( Juliet and George, 2005 ) . Heidi A ; Candida A ; A ; Elaine ( 2009 ) explained the landscape of societal entrepreneurship which includes societal purpose ventures and enterprising not-for-profits. Regardless of net income orientation, societal enterprisers place chances to work out societal jobs, both people and society jobs. Yohanan ( N.D ) has differentiated two major attacks in the account on societal entrepreneurship. Both major attacks emphasis on the societal desirableness of the enterprises studied, but there are some different facets. The first attack by Brown and Letts ( 2004 ) is focused on purposes and results. Social entrepreneurs put advanced attempts to work out relentless societal jobs of poorness and marginalisation that, to some extent, have been successful in increasing their impact and catalysing societal transmutation. Another attack which is done by Alvy and Lees ( 2000 ) is based on chances and demands. Peoples who realize where there is an chance to fulfill some unmet need that the province public assistance system will non or can non run into and who gather together the necessary resources. 2.2.3 Social Entrepreneurship as Net income or Non-profit Organization? In the findings done by Pomerantz ( 2003 ) , he stated that societal entrepreneurship as the development of advanced, mission- supporting, earned income, occupation making or licensing, ventures undertaken by single societal enterprisers, non-profit-making organisations, or not-for-profits in association with for net incomes. From his point of position, a societal endeavor can either be non net income or net income generating organisation. For illustration, Margaret Cossette used a grant of $ 400 to turn a little public-sector into not-for net income endeavor which provides place attention for rural seniors in America. When needs or demand is increased, Cossette did nt hold adequate capital to get by with the state of affairs. A NFP organisation is non measure up for bank loans. Therefore, Cossette turn her venture, Missouri Home Care, into the for-profit sphere in order to use for loans to use her services. In fact, there are many more instances that clearly lie on the for-profit si de of the divide but are readily serve as societal entrepreneurship by reputable observers. Basically, societal endeavor is non-profit-making organisation which benefits society without deriving any net income. However, Gregory ( 1998 ) states that there is increasing figure of not-for-profits have been seeking extra grosss by acting more like for-profit organisations. For illustration, Salvage the Children, an international development bureau, sells a line of work forces s neckwear. Such ventures are for bring forthing the hard currency in originative manner. The profitableness is linked with societal entrepreneurship for certain instances, but the societal terminals still remain the dominant end of these ventures. Essay about Obamacare Or Against It? Essay ( 1 ) The individual who attempts to innovatively gain society entirely, in a manner that involves that society, at hazard of personal loss. ( 2 ) The individual who attempts to innovatively gain society entirely, in a manner that involves that society, at hazard of predating personal net income. ( 3 ) The individual who attempts to innovatively gain society by gaining himself, in a manner that involves that society, at hazard of incurring personal loss. ( 4 ) The individual who attempts to innovatively gain society by gaining himself, in a manner that involves that society, at hazard of waiving personal net income. ( 5 ) The individual who attempts to innovatively gain himself by gaining society, in a manner that involves that society, at hazard of personal loss. ( 6 ) The individual who attempts to innovatively gain himself by gaining society, in a manner that involves that society, at hazard of predating personal profit. By Williams, Wee Liang, Teck Meng ( pg, 359, 2005 ) The diminishing grade of selfless in societal entrepreneurship is differing in footings of hazard and invention. 2.4.2 Traits and Skills Thompson, Alvy ( 2000 ) suggest that vision and fortitude are necessary traits to implement a societal venture. Boschee ( 1998 ) see fairness, passion, lucidity of intent, bravery, committedness, values, client focal point, willingness to be after, ability to believe like a concern, scheme, and flexibleness, required in societal enterprisers as critical success factor to successfully ship on societal entrepreneurial activities. Social enterprisers who portion the same traits may differ in the societal impact of their enterprises. Drayton ( 2002 ) stated that entrepreneurial quality ( pg.124 ) is the key to separate the impact. Entrepreneurial quality is a really particular and scarce trait. It is much more than selfless motive and other antecedently mentioned traits. It is the critical motive to alter the whole society shared by merely a really little per centum of the population. 2.4.3 Behavior There are few behavioural properties which have been associated with societal entrepreneurship: bravery to accept societal unfavorable judgment, less failure-anxiety, receptiveness to others feelings, doggedness, communicating accomplishments, ability to look trusty, creativeness, ability to fulfill clients demands, foal oriented, and working capacity ( McLeod, 1997 ; Prabhu, 1999 ) . After all, these behaviours can be applied to commercial entrepreneurial behaviour every bit good. However, there is one exclusion which is the difference between commercial entrepreneurial behaviour and societal entrepreneurial behaviour which is receptiveness to others feeling, or in a simple word, empathy. Mentioning to the Webster s lexicon, empathy is defined as the ability to portion in another s emotions or feelings. A societal enterpriser is caring and helpful. Mair and Noboa ( 2003 ) found that empathy can be considered as a trait ( dispositional empathy ) or a behaviour ( situational empath y ) . The writers so see empathy as a cognitive and emotional ancestor. 2.4.4 Context and background In add-on to traits and behaviours, context and background are besides of import facets to understand enterprisers and their enterprises ( Bird, 1988 ) . The background and life of societal enterprisers is holding great impact on enabling the desirableness for them to get down up societal endeavor ( Prabhu, 1999 ) . My parents raise me with the spirit of charity and giving , I felt uneasy about the jobs of the hapless and I am sensitive to other people s feeling are common response of societal enterprisers. Mair and Noboa ( 2003 ) argued that background and context explain a big portion of societal enterprisers enhanced degree of trueness to their values and doctrine, which is typically associated with an elevated degree of moral judgement. A theoretical account of societal entrepreneurial intentionsmodel of SE intentions.png Mair and Noboa ( 2003 ) have developed a theoretical account of societal entrepreneurial purposes. They defined their independent variables as emotional: empathy ( behaviour ) , cognitive: moral judgement ( Background and Context consequence ) . These variables will so enable single to hold perceived desirableness to develop behavioural purpose such as receptiveness for other s feeling. When they have the behaviour, they will hold the societal entrepreneurial behaviour and they decide to get down up societal endeavor. There is another enabling factor such as self-efficacy and societal support which will further develop sensed feasibleness. After that, single with sensed feasibleness will come in the same modus operandi as sensed desirableness. Empathy and moral judgement are positively linked with sensed societal venture desirableness, while self efficacy beliefs and societal support are positively linked with sensed societal venture feasibleness. 2.4.5 Opportunity Perception and Recognition Krueger, Kickul, Gundry, Verma, and Wilson, ( 2007 ) stated that mental theoretical accounts is the component that provide a set of properties or features that define what is considered as an chance. Percept of chance is categorized with two critical ancestors: ( 1 ) is the action expected to give a net positive effects or effects and ( 2 ) is the action really within or beyond our control. Prevalence of demands in human society if frequently indentified as a major ground for the being of societal chance. Harmonizing to Human Development study ( 2007,2005 ) , there are about 3 billion people live below the poorness line, gaining less than $ 2 per twenty-four hours. This phenomenon will convey a batch of negative effects such as famishment, increased condemnable rate, and force. For illustration, there are 50,000 deceases per twenty-four hours which are linked to poverty-related causes. ( World Health Organization, 1999 ) . The job of poorness are discernible and it creates many chanc e for societal enterprisers. Behavioural Theory stated that enterprisers draw a bead oning to better the quality of life are likely to place and undertake the most prevailing jobs because these jobs are most sensitive to them. 2.4.6 Personal values Hemingway ( 2005 ) found that values operate at different degrees and personal values act as one of the drivers of behaviour. He besides stated that qualitative research would be suited in acquiring deeper degree of understanding that how personal values may be driving societal duty. To state that a individual has a value is to state that he has an digesting prescriptive or proscriptive belief that a specific manner of behaviour or end-stat of being is preferred to an opposite manner of behaviour or end-state. This belief transcends attitudes toward nonsubjective and toward state of affairss ; it is a criterion that ushers and determines action, attitudes toward aims and state of affairss, political orientation, presentations of ego to other, ratings, judgements, justifications, comparings of ego with others, and efforts to act upon other. Valuess serve as adjectival, ego-defensive, cognition and self-actualizing maps. ( Rockeach, 1973, pg.25 ) . Furthermore, values is linked with political orientation, which Wright stated that values will be one s counsel on distinguishing what is right or incorrect and eventually take to positive ends in life. ( Wright, 1971 ) . Personal Valuess are indentified in different degrees such as single, organisational, institutiona l, social and planetary values ( Agle and Caldwell, 1999 ) . But in my surveies, I will concentrate on single or personal degree of values.

The effect of temperature on the permeability of beetroot cells Essay Example

The effect of temperature on the permeability of beetroot cells Essay Although an apparent trend is illustrated by the experimental data plotted, I am reluctant to formulate a valid conclusion on the effect of temperature on the permeability of beetroot cells due to the variability of the results obtained.  Although five repeats were performed, the data collected is not reliable because of variation within the sets of results. This could have been due to various limitations of the experiment. At 30oC for example, the reading for absorbance of light in arbitrary units, was 0.12%. When compared to the results collected from other repeats at this temperature, this appears to be an unusually high value. Further examples of possible anomalous data were 0.03% at a heat treatment of 40oC together with 0.06% at 50oC. If these anomalous results were not included in the mean absorbance plotted, this could have had a significant effect on the overall conclusion. For example, had the reading at 40oC not been included in the mean, the reading plotted at this temperature of heat treatment may not have been lower than the mean result plotted at 30oC, as is shown on the graph by a slight dip. We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of temperature on the permeability of beetroot cells specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of temperature on the permeability of beetroot cells specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of temperature on the permeability of beetroot cells specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The size of the range bars causes one to question the reliability of the experimental data. These are especially large at higher temperatures of heat treatment (i.e. 70oC) where the gradient is steepening. At the lower temperatures of 30oC and 40oC, the range bars are overlapping. This means that one cannot be sure whether absorbance of light by the solution at 40oC does indeed decrease when compared to the previous reading. The range bars can be seen to overlap for the remaining temperatures of heat treatment, which means that it is hard to say within the error of the apparatus, what the exact value is. I am reluctant to draw a valid conclusion from the experimental data due to the significantly large percentage range at each temperature of heat treatment. At 60oC for example, the percentage range of the data from each repeat is approximately 300%. The limitations of the experiment lead one to question the precision of the experimental data and the conclusions drawn from them. A mechanised cutter was used to produce pieces of beetroot with the same cross sectional area. It was made certain that we cut downwards so that the bores did not converge. However the beetroot samples were not all of the same length. This could result in the beetroot discs having different surface areas and so causing different volumes of anthocyanin to leak out into the surrounding medium at each repeat of every temperature. This source of inaccuracy would have contributed to the variation and unreliability of the results and could be avoided through a technical improvement in the experimental design. When the discs were impaled on to a mounted needle, a small volume of dye leaked out from the damaged cells. This could not be measured and could have been potential dye lost into the medium, thus affecting the majority of readings for the absorbance of light. To overcome this source of unreliability, the beetroot discs could have undergone heat treatment in a fully permeable bag.  The reliability of the results can be questioned because no accurate method for shaking the solutions before they were poured into cuvettes was employed. The resulting intensities of the solutions could therefore have been incorrect. To avoid this source of inaccuracy a mechanical technique could be used to shake the solutions. The scales of the apparatus employed influenced the results obtained. For both 70oC and 80oC a reading of 2.00% was recorded. This was not the actual absorbance of light by the solutions at these temperatures because the scales of the colorimeters did not exceed 2.00. As a result the mean value plotted was inaccurate, thus any conclusions drawn from the data are unreliable. The experiment should therefore be re-planned using either fewer disks, reducing the time periods the samples of beetroot were left in water for or alternatively leaving the discs in increased volumes of water for 20 minutes. The scale of the colorimeter was only accurate to 0.01%. This may have affected the results at 30oC and 40oC, where there was a 0.01 difference. To overcome this source of imprecision and therefore unreliability the scale of the colorimeter used could be altered to give a reading correct to three decimal place. Although it is not certain whether using different colorimeters would have had any affect on the readings obtained, to ensure precision of the experimental data, the same colorimeter should be used to measure the absorbance of light by the solutions. Although a graduated pipette with 0.1cm3 markings was used to measure 6cm3 of cold tap water, to ensure high precision of the experimental data, apparatus with finer divisions could be used. This would allow a valid conclusion to be drawn from more accurate results.  In order to improve the precision of the experimental data, a digital stop clock could be used. The usage of a manual stop clock meant that there were slight variations in the incubation and staggered timings, and even slight variations in timing would introduce a high percentage area. A one-minute delay in removing the disks from the test tube following heat treatment for example would result in an error of 5%.  Further improvements that would provide considerable additional evidence for the conclusion would be to investigate an increased number of temperatures including a wider range between 50oC and 60oC, as an increased number of intervals would show exactly where the phospholipid bilayer of beetroot melts.

How Organizations Monetize Their Presence On Social Networking Platforms The WritePass Journal

How Organizations Monetize Their Presence On Social Networking Platforms Introduction How Organizations Monetize Their Presence On Social Networking Platforms ). With advances in technology, businesses have learnt to use them to their benefit.   Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and eBay are Prime examples of technology driven companies. Given the proliferation of social networking sites, such as Myspace, Linked In, Facebook and twitter, it has become almost impossible to design marketing strategies without taking into consideration these media platforms. Social media has gained prominence and is considered vital for todays marketing mix. Both the small and big businesses have flocked to these media platforms. Whilst Major brands, such as Virgin and Starbucks, appear to have established their presences in these media platforms, social media adoption seems to be increasing amongst small businesses as well. According to study conducted by the University of Maryland, the rate of adoption among the small enterprises doubled from 12% in 2009 to 24% in 2010 (Rao 2010). The use of social media as a business tool is particularly evident in emerging markets of China, India and Brazil. According to a KPMG report, these countries are 20% more likely to expand their business frontiers into social media than their counterparts in UK, Germany, Australia and Canada (KPMG 2011). This can be attributed to their lower dependence on legal systems compared to the developed economies which bind their organizations to their long-established channel strategies. How organizations can monetize their presence in social networking platforms Businesses are targeting social networking sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, as key market surveillance areas given their large user base. This becomes the key source for the businesses to innovate in congruence with the demands for their mutual benefit (Trottier, 2013). Given the popularity of these social networking platforms in various parts of the world, companies seeking to engage the vast and increasingly affluent online audience can use it as a marketing tool. Marketers can use these social networks for customer acquisition, retention and even generating their revenue. Business units such as marketing, sales, and HR can use these powerful tools to stimulate innovation and monetize their presence. Starbucks is a good example of a company which has successfully established its online presence in social media platforms. Having amassed over 35 million Facebook likes, Starbucks is without doubt one of the largest company that has successfully established presence in social media platforms (Smith 2013). One strategy which Starbucks used to attract Facebook users was through deals. This retailer company offered to give free coffee to the first 30,000 Facebook users that checked in at UK Starbucks stores using their phones (Smith 2013). This went a long way towards increasing the number of followers and ultimately translated to greater returns. Further, Starbucks used these media platforms to communicate with its ever increasing customer base abou t their favourite products (Smith 2013). Besides just informing their customers about their products via Facebook, Starbucks has also done well by integrating social issues that people care about into their brand. Given Starbucks success in establishing presence in social media platforms, other retailers across all sectors have similarly followed suit, from clothing sellers such as GAP who have amassed 4.6 million likes to general good retailers such as Target, and even to telecom providers and video games stores such as Verizon wireless and GameStop respectively (Smith 2013). Another company that has monetized its presence in Facebook is The New York Jets. In September 2010, the NFL team launched their ultimate Fan social game, the first application to generate revenue through Facebook (Carolyn 2011).   This application allowed Facebook users to predict game scores, root for their teams and to hold a virtual party with fans from different parts of the world. Further, the Jets engage with their fans on a regular basis via twitter. For example, towards the 2011 AFC playoff championship, the Jets advertised a contest for winning tickets to the tournament. The contest was twitter-based and winners were guaranteed free tickets to the 2011 AFC championship game against Pittsburgh Steelers (Carolyn 2011). It is clear that these companies are leveraging social media platforms to generate sales and increase their revenues. Many more businesses have also begun to exploit social networking sites as business tools, offering various deals and discounts through the sites. Whereas the opportunities created by social networking sites are many, success depends on how best to deploy creative skills to achieve the business goals. Creating traffic and brand awareness As a first step to monetizing social media presence, marketers must build their brand awareness and create traffic. Unless the brand is widely recognized such as Apple, it is necessary to develop social media magnetism (Conroy Narula 2010). Social media campaign can be done by word of mouth or advertising through TV commercials. Audience engagement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second step is building audience engagement. Unless marketers successfully engage with the audiences, they will not be able to reap great returns. For the social media campaign to be a success, marketers must effectively engage with the audience through meaningful conversation and by creating great content that raises awareness and increase sales (Carolyn 2011). Online Advertising Once a consistent traffic has been built and the audience have been engaged, then it becomes easy to monetize. The most basic form of monetizing is putting ads on social media sites and adding affiliate advertising links. Marketers can also choose to offer special promotions such as offering discounts exclusively to followers. Dell computers is a good example of a company that offers discounts to its followers. Dell tweets 15% off for any of their computers with special coupon code entered at checkout (Carolyn 2011). Social media has enabled Dell to amaze over 1.6 million followers and generate more than 2 million incremental revenues. Use of applications Companies may also use apps to monetize social media. They can charge a certain fee for the apps or give it freely in order to strengthen customer relationship. Gucci Connect is a quintessential example of a mobile marketing app (McKinsey 2007). The app enables users to watch live runway and to chat live with Facebook and twitter guests via their mobile devises. Setting up an online store on social media Finally, marketers need to set up a shop on Facebook. Companies can list their products and put updates on social media sites. Whereas these strategies should enable the company to monetize themselves on media platforms, most of the benefit has been branding and not actual purchases. However, for products which are inherently social in nature such as DVDs, books, and event tickets, these have translated to greater returns on investments. Challenges with the use of social media as a business tool Social media has certainly impacted on business. While many companies have found significant benefits with these social platforms, some have encountered unexpected risks and challenges along the way. There have been some challenges such as loss of sensitive information, reputational, legal and operational risks, and reduced productivity as a result of time wastage. Whereas there are many remarkable upside to using social media as a business tool, the vast reach of these media platforms also offer a vast uncharted sinkhole of risk (Merril et al 2011). The benefits may be outweighed by reputational risks. For example, in 2009 an employee from a national pizza delivery chain was recorded in a video camera tainting a sandwich which was to be delivered to a customer (Merril et al 2011). When the video was posted on YouTube where it drew heavy reaction from millions of viewers across the world. Viewers tweeted the news and in a span of 48 hours, the chain had experienced a change in consumers’ perception from positive to negative. Such embarrassing moments can tarnish the image of the company. Other risks of particular concern include risks pertaining to intellectual property and media risks, security risk and risk pertaining to employment privacy (Stelzner 2013). Companys security may be breached by malwares downloaded onto their website. Intellectual property risks may arise if employees post others information without their permission. Claims can be made against the company under such situations and contractual breach claims may result where the intellectual property belongs to an existing client (Merril et al 2011). Beyond these risks, some companies may face the challenge of integrating social media into their strategies. According to a Harvard Business review survey, 79% of the 2,100 organizations surveyed used social media platform as a business tool (Gullin 2010). The remaining 21% were in the process of launching social media initiatives. However, majority of these organizations pointed out to the challenge of integrating social media into their strategies. A vast majority of them seem to have no formalized social media strategy whereas others appear to struggle with how best to use the different channels. Methods and approaches to building relationships with customers that could potentially increase revenues in organizations A key important aspect that marketers should take into consideration is knowing how to communicate the right message with customers over media (Smith 2013). Most companies often post their updates through social media platforms which enables existing customers to interact with their favourite brand and get updates of their products. Whereas this approach enhances brand visibility and sometimes lead to new-customer acquisition, it often does not convert social media follows to direct sales and hence ends up hurting the bottom line (Smith 2013). A vast majority of online audience are eager to interact with their brands through these media platforms, but for them to engage in a financially meaningful way, marketers must know how best to reach them. Increasing traffic in the corporate page may seem somewhat beneficial, but it does not result in significant return on investment. As opposed to just focusing on increasing traffic, companies should focus on engaging more with the customers, both at the local and personal level. This would enable them to identify customer needs and tailor services and products to meeting those needs. Not only would this increase sales revenue, but it will also build and enhance customer relationship. Conclusion Business today has transformed from the previous pure brick business models to new approaches that utilize social media as business tools. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Myspace and YouTube among many others have become an important gradient in todays marketing mix. Customers’ buying experience has gone beyond the traditional transactional base to a contemporary conversational tone by connecting with the clients through the various socializing networks like Twitter or Facebook. In response to the changing consumer behaviors, it has become a business imperative to integrate with the social networking sites. These tools offer business with many benefits including customer acquisition, retention and generation of sales revenue. Further, business units such as marketing, sales, and HR can use these powerful tools to stimulate innovation and monetize their presence. Whereas there are many remarkable upside to using social media as a business tool, there are some unexpected risks and challenges as well. These include the loss of sensitive information, reputational, legal and operational risks, and reduced productivity as a result of time wasted. Beyond these risks, some companies may face the challenge of integrating social media into their strategies. In spite of these risks, social media platforms appear to have had tremendous impacts on the business world, given its ubiquity and remarkable ability to attract and retain new customers which ultimately translates to more returns on investment. There is however need for companies to establish a strategy and associated policies that seek to address the pertinent issues. Although these risks and challenges may seem significant, they can be easily managed with forethought and planning. References Agarwal, S., and Mital, M. (2009) â€Å"Focus on Business Practices: An Exploratory Study of Indian University Students Use of Social Networking Web Sites: Implications for the Workplace†, Business Communication Quarterly. ATT, (2008). The business impact of social networking. AT T Bashar, A., Ahmad, I. and Wasiq, M., (2012). Effectiveness of social media as a marketing tool: an empirical study. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services Management Research, vol. 1 (11) Boyd, D. M., Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  230. Carolyn, B., (2013). How to monetize social media. Inc. Conroy, P., Narula, A. (2010). A new breed of brand advocates Social networking redefines consumer engagement. Delloite. Curtis, A. (2011). The brief history of social media. Retrieved fromuncp.edu/home/acurtis/NewMedia/SocialMedia/SocialMediaHistory.html Gillin, P., (2010). The new conversation: taking social media from talk to action. Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business publishing Hutley, R., (2009). Social networking as a business tool. Cisco IBSG Inc. ISACA, (2010). Social media: business benefits and security, governance and assurance perspectives. ISACA KPMG, (2011). Going social: how businesses are making the most of social media. KPMG International Li, C. Bernoff, J. (2008) Groundswell: Winning in a world transformed by social technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Press. McKinsey. (2007). How companies are marketing Online: A McKinsey Global Survey. McKinsey Merrill, T., Latham, K., Santalesa, R. and Navetta, D., (2011). Social media: the business benefits may be enormous, but can the risks-reputational, legal, operational-be mitigated? Information Law Group. ACE publishers Oracle, (2012). Is social media transforming your business? Oracle Corporation. Smith, B., (2013). Shortsighted social media strategy misses huge revenue opportunity. [Viewed on 27th November 2013] available from http://chainstoreage.com/article/shortsighted-social-media-strategy-misses-huge-revenue-opportunity Stelzner, M.A., (2013). Social media marketing industry report: how marketers are using social media to grow their businesses. Social Media Examiner Trottier, D. (2013) â€Å"The business of Conversations: Market Social Media and Surveillance and Visibility†, First Monday. Vol. 18, pp. 2-4.

John Wayne Gacy Murder Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

John Wayne Gacy Murder Trial - Essay Example John Wayne Gacy was an American who was convicted of murder and sexual assaults. Evidence indicated that between 1972 and 1978, he murdered and sexually assaulted at least 33 young men and teenage boys. Due to his serial killing, he earned the tag â€Å"Killer Clown†. Also, evidence indicates that the defendant was living a double life; that of committing murders and that of engaging in political and charitable activities. Murder trials show that he was convicted of more murders than any other person in the American history. Based upon this historic murder trial, therefore, this paper will analyze the case and document and respond to a number of issues relating to the case (Mendenhall, 1996).   Since the offenses that the defendant committed were â€Å"unusual†, it is important to understand the specific psychological characteristics and patterns that might be inferred from him. The testimony that was made during the trial indicated that Gacy had psychological characteristics and patterns that to a greater extent depicted his atrocious actions. Those who worked for him testified that he was violent and in most cases showed an intention to commit sexual assaults; actually, they testified that they had survived sexual and violent encounters with him (Amirante and Broderick, 2011). Friends, family and his former employees also testified that Gacy had mood swings and was â€Å"awfully tricky†, a trait he used to succeed in handcuffing them. Most of the sixty witnesses who testified during trial took notice of these characteristics and patterns. Since such characteristics are often associated with the insane, this was not the case with Gacy as psychologists had confirmed that he was sane, and he committed the offenses while in sound mind. Psychologists and medical experts who testified for the defense agreed that he was very intelligent and generous.

Interpretations of skill and skill that only few people have, but all Essay

Interpretations of skill and skill that only few people have, but all people can master - Essay Example These skills are so common that they always go unnoticed most of our life. On the other hand there is the functionality of voluntary skills. Voluntary skills are those skills that can be judged as specialized skill and had to be acquired by an individual with the dint of time management- noted or unnoted. It is this voluntary skill that gave birth to the concept of division of labor and ignited a spark to get the ball of civilization rolling. Picture this: the setting is somewhere in Southern France and the time is around the end of the last Ice Age. You will find a group of hunter-gatherers busy with their daily life. The men folks are coming back from the hard days hunt to their temporary settlement and the women of the tribe are separating the findings of the days work. And out in a corner there is an aged man busy with his Paleolithic tools- working hard to shape and sharp their jagged edges. Now, all the hunters are skillful huntsman and all the women are worthy gathers and this is almost inbuilt quality of the tribe simply because without these skills the tribe would seize to exist. It is but obvious that the sense of hunting and the eye for finding the needful elements scattered all around you requires a specific amount of skill and it should be learned to master them. Some of the women are better gatherer and some of the men are more skillful hunter than the other or average tribal. This could be termed that they have got a talent for hunting or gathering but the focal point of the skill is that this is not any specialized skill to mention as because the other members of tribe are attributed with the same skill, but the other maybe more or less skillful to their task. Thus, these skills could be termed as involuntary skills. On the other hand, the elderly person busy with his 'modernized' primitive tools is an example of the voluntary skill. It is not that he is not able to hunt but he has specialized himself into an occupation that no other in the tribe can share. It is not that this elderly Cro-Magnon is an Einstein of his tribe but it is this specialization that keeps him apart. Thus, this could be safely stated that "there are, however, certain skills that only a limited number of people have, which allow them to be more effective in areas that the average person is not. Even though only a small percentage of the population has mastered these skills, their benefits are too great to be kept to themselves. Conquering them requires time, dedication and patience. Devotion is challenging for the average person due to our busy lives." (Lamb, 87-88) In today's context, the job of a software programming professional is completely 'Greek' to a general person and the skill of a rocket engineer is completely unknown to a software programming professional. This is because these are completely specialized occupations and thereby absolutely voluntary in nature. But for both the software programming professional and rocket engineer driving is a common skill and they both are skillful in it in respective ability. Therefore we can summarize that driving is a involuntary skill that these two specialized persons share commonly. It is such a

Theories in Nationalism

Theories in Nationalism Introduction Nationalism, a term which has been defined in various ways and still continues to nurture the debate around it, is one of the strongest forces in the world as we know it today. Despite its strong influence during the last centuries, it has remained long neglected by academia (Hutchinson Smith 1994: 3). One of the first scholars to address this academic shortcoming was Elie Kedourie, a British scholar of the Middle East, who offered a conservative challenging theory against nationalism in his thought-provoking book entitled Nationalism. In this sense, it is safe to say that most scholars concerned with this field of study have been influenced, to some extent, by the work of Kedourie and have taken issue with it. Kedourie has dealt with nationalism in a number of books, presenting his passionate dissent against the spread of nationalism as an ideology in Europe. His book Nationalism identifies nationalism as a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century (1960: 9) that divides humanity into separate and distinct nations (1960: 73). As a scholar who spent a large proportion of his life teaching, Kedourie emphasized the importance of understanding the philosophy of history and the value of its practice, and criticized academics for meddling with political affairs (Kedourie, 1998a: 51; Minogue, 2008). A fervent advocate of strong, long-lasting empires, he argued, that nationalism as an ideology had caused global wars, destruction, and great misery (Sieff 2006). The objective of this paper is to critically assess Kedouries contribution to the study of nationalism. For this purpose, this essay is structured as follows; firstly, it sets the context by briefly introducing the life and works of Elie Kedourie. This is important as, growing up an Iraqi Jew, Kedourie personally experienced the negative impacts of Arab nationalism which caused him as most other Jews to flee his home country. Kedourie blamed British policy for the rise of nationalism in the Middle East, a policy he later criticized in his works. The essay then proceeds to identify and explain his concept of, and arguments against nationalism; next, it explores Elie Kedouries dialogue with three theorists who were influenced by and developed Kedouries ideas; and finally, it presents a critique of his theory and concepts. In summary, this paper demonstrates Kedouries unique attitude towards and his innovative theory of nationalism, but also the flaws in his theory based on which led ma ny of his followers and critics to charge him with intellectual determinism (Lawrence 2005: 132). Kedourie and His Works Kedourie was undoubtedly a man of great achievement. An Iraqi-Jew, he was born in Baghdad on January 25, 1926, but migrated to Great Britain as part of the post-1948 Jewish mass departure from the Arab world (Minogue 2008). In his doctoral thesis, England and the Middle East (1956), which he wrote at Oxford University, he, for the first time, systematically criticized the British foreign policy and its inter-war role in Iraq (Kramer 1999). Accordingly, his controversial thesis was not only much debated, but Kedourie was asked to change it. However, Kedourie felt so strongly about his writings that rather than modify it, he withdrew it! Throughout his life, Kedourie offered a seminal analysis that expounded the state of world affairs and exposed the evil of nationalism. Although he published his most important book entitled Nationalism decades ago, Kedouries ideas still resonate today and are being studied by a number of critics and theorists of nationalism. Kedourie was brought back into academia by his colleague Michael Oakeshott, and consequently held a chair in Politics at the London School of Economic for 40 years. He was an expert on Middle Eastern history, founder and editor of the journal Middle Eastern Studies (1964), and the author and editor of many outstanding books, especially on the Middle East. In contrast to many other scholars of and on the Middle East, Kedourie was able to see it in a wider world context (Mango 1993: 375). This interest led him from Arab nationalism to his study of nationalism as a universal phenomenon. The significance of this, was that it changed the traditional thinking of nationalism and brought to awareness its disastrous influence and its major potential in threatening world order. Besides the book Nationalism, his published works also include Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Islam (1966), the famous The Chatham House Version (1970), Nationalism in Asia and Africa (1970), and Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies (1974). Among his later books are In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth (1980), The Crossman Confessions (1984), Politics in the Middle East (1992), and Hegel and Marx: Introductory Lectures, his posthumous book published in 1995. Kedourie impressed with his sharp intellect and his rather eloquent, clear and coherent writing style. Although English was his third language, his works were written in an excellent English style worthy of one of the greatest orientalists and scholars of our time (Moreh 1998: 2). Especially in his book Nationalism, he manages to draw a clear and red line from the sometimes very abstract explorations of the foundations, on which he then builds his theory, to the explanation of his approac h itself. In addition, Kedouries personality stood out in academia. As opposed to many academics, Kedourie neither locked himself in the so-called academic ivory tower, nor did he fall into the circle of self-adoration. Kedourie, more than anything else, was a mentor and father figure to his students (Salibi 1994)! Although he was sometimes referred to as idealistic, most of his students and scholars alike remember Kedourie as humble, dignified, kind, and a generous scholar with quiet and gentle courtesy which one could always count on (Salibi 1994). Kedouries Concept and Critique of Nationalism After the two World Wars, a grouping of independent states created the United Nations and other international bodies, such as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) or theEuropean Economic Community (EEC), and forged multilateral treaties (for example Treaty of Paris, NATO, Warsaw Pact) to sustain peace and worldwide cooperation in the hope of preventing another global conflict. Kedourie believed that many calamitous global events, such as war, destruction, poverty, famine and genocide, were caused by a doctrine of nationalism, which justified the division of nations. Kedourie (1993b: xiii) viewed nationalism as an ideology and believed that it had been made a contrived religion by governments to justify their actions and to maintain their so-called right to national self-determination (Kelidar 1993: 5-6). Kedourie laid out his controversial theory against the nationalism doctrine in his book Nationalism. In the first chapter, Politics in a New Style, he explains his pessimism about ideological and constitutional politics, which presupposes nationalism as an effective force to strengthen and preserve the identity and authority of a nation (Spencer Wollman 2002: 49). In the following chapters, he tackled the concept of self-determination, which the intellectuals, particularly Immanuel Kant, brandished as the supreme political good (Kedourie 1993a: 22); the relation of state and individual, wherein he criticized the influence of Kant on modern thinkers and the effects of dangerous political ideas on individuals; diversity, which spread the world over as a result of the propagation of nationalism; and national self-determination, which has caused the division of states into nations, disorders and wars. In the last two chapters, he addressed the relationship between nationalism and politi cs and its negative consequences. Kedourie was the first theorist who addressed nationalism systematically and identified it as (an historically erroneous) doctrine. His path-breaking theory introduced new standards to the traditional studies of the phenomenon which saw in granting self-determination the only acceptable way to deal with nationalism. Kedourie relied on historical accounts of global events and on this basis identified three strong arguments against nationalism. Firstly, he claimed that nationalism as a political ideology was impotent and had no significance to reality. Secondly, he asserted that the divisive character of nationalism caused and will continue to cause wars and man-made catastrophes. Finally, he saw nationalism as being about the enshrinement of the concept of sovereignty or self-determination as the fundamental force of global order (Kedourie 1993b: xvi). With regards to his first argument, nationalism was seen as being a political ideology due to its extensive relation to politics. He observed that the doctrine was first conceived and then propagated in Europe in the last century (Deol, 2000: 12). It was an era when nationalism was systematically turned into kind of religion to inspire the people and make them believe that they had a duty and responsibility to serve their homeland. According to Kedourie, the purpose of ideological politics was to impose political culture, legal principles and moral standards on people by means of force (1986: 47-48). When a government seeks to establish an ideology, it can only do so through the use of force and arbitrary powers. He identified the platonic character of this strategy, which posits that a state or society has to eliminate the ideology of the people so as to impose its own political culture or ideology (Kedourie 1993b: xiv). Kedouries argument is clear: ideological politics in the last century has caused many horrific events because of the ideologists attempt to change the status quo and to enforce their own ideology on the masses. As an example he mentioned the case of Yugoslavia. Following its creation after the First World War, Yugoslavia sought to attain unity in order to establish an independent state, but such a national ambition was waylaid when the Yugoslavs fell into the oppressive hands of the Hungarians, Austrians and Ottomans. Another argument he made against ideological politics was that a state that espoused nationalism caused the division of its individual subjects and separation between the government and the governed. Kedourie asserted that a society that adopted certain kinds of principles deprived the people of their rights. A group of people treated as mere ciphers by their rulers would be led to treat their fellow men in the same way. Turning to his second argument nationalism will lead to war and manmade disasters- Kedourie explained that nationalism supports the division of humanity into a number of states and thus also supports the division of men in terms of race, tradition, religion, and political ideology (1986: 71-73). Since nations are divided into many categories, Kedourie argues that wars and disasters are inevitable. He argued that conflicts and chaos ravaged the whole of Europe between 1848 and the end of World War II because of the concept of nationalism (Kedourie 1993b: xvi). However, he rejected the argument that poverty is somehow linked to nationalism. Since most poor countries have prevalent nationalist ideology, he believed that poor economic conditions might bring about social displeasure, which may lead to the propagation of nationalism (Kedourie 1974c: 19). However, he claimed that the rise of nationalism in Czechoslovakia and Italy was not due to evident poverty. Furthermore, Kedourie believed that the development of nationalism in Asia and Africa was basically a reaction to invasion and foreign occupation (1974: 21). Lastly, he criticized socialism as an ideological obsession that caused great destruction in the last century. He states (1993b: xvii) that socialism has produced not happiness or spiritual fulfilment, or even material prosperity, but, on the contrary, unparalleled oppression and misery, and it has sunk by the weight of its own misconceived ideals. Moreover, he suggested that the collapse of Soviet Russia in 1991 had led to a precarious disproportion of power among its former constituents and their neighbours. Hence, he warned that this power vacuum could lead to war. He concluded that nationalist ideology did not evidently ensure economic success or honest and responsible government. Kedouries condemnation of nationalism and by extension his path-breaking theory, was seen by many theorists on nationalism that followed as a milestone in the evolution of the theoretical debate (Ozkirimli 2000: 32). As a consequence, the vast majority of these theorists took issue with his theory in one way or another. Kedouries Influence on other Theorists of Nationalism Kedouries passionate arguments against nationalism gained both the admiration and support of a coterie of loyal followers but also drew some harsh criticism. Undoubtedly, he contributed enormously to the great debate about the origins and nature of nationalism. As a man of exceptional intellectual reputation with exacting standards in his thinking and scholarship, Kedourie was immensely influential on many modern scholars and his students alike (Salibi 1994: 4) and thus, achieved to transform and revolutionize the understanding of nationalism (Minogue 2008; Kelidar 1993: 5-6). Three distinguished theorists of nationalism who admired Kedourie, but took issue with his ideas are Ernest Gellner, Anthony Smith, and Benedict Anderson. All of these theorists built on the works of Kedourie, and this made for a great contribution to the debate about the nature and roots of nationalism that dominated the European community in the nineteenth century (Gellner 1996: xix). Smith openly elaborated on the intellectual depth of Kedouries seminal arguments against the concept of nationalism, saying that the latters works continue to exert a wide influence on modern thinkers like him (2007: 213). Similarly, Gellner credited Kedouries work but also attributed a lot of critique to Kedouries ideas (Gray 2004). This paper will now examine in more depth some of these issues in order to provide a critical evaluation of the strengths as well as limits of Kedouries arguments. Anthony D. Smith For his part, Smith agreed with Kedouries concept of nationalism as an ideological crusade that seeks the achievement and maintenance of national sovereignty, harmony, and distinctiveness, on behalf of a particular group of inhabitants (2007: 214). Smith reiterated Kedouries argument that although nationalism was sparked by the myth of the French Revolution, this ideological movement was inspired by Kant, which then in turn influenced Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Smith claimed that the main proponent of nationalism was Fichte, a Kantian, who, in his Addresses to the German Nation (1808), established an agenda for the creation of a German national education (Choueiri 2000: 6). Smith concurred with Kedourie that this secular ideological movement was inspired by the declaration of independence, which states that sovereignty resides exclusively in the state. Smith (2007a: 217) also regarded nationalism as a secular form of religion, and concluded that traditional religions like Judaism preserve their character and that they contribute to the propagation of nationalism by serving as agents of collective sentiments. Smith thus supported Kedouries statement that Judaism is a religion that accentuates the value of land and language and national feeling (1993b: 76) and suggested that there are cultural similarities between modern nationalism and biblical Israel and its covenant. This being said, in his Theories of Nationalism, Smith criticized Kedourie for selecting only the extreme features of nationalism, thus overlooking the civilizing and empowering influence of the doctrine (Jinadu 1972: 646). Benedict Anderson In his Imagined Communities: Reflection on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, Benedict Anderson, a modernist theorist like Kedourie, identifies the rise of capitalism at the beginning of industrialization era as the main reason for the emergence of nationalism: peoples literacy level increased due to the emergence of printing press capitalism. No longer were they dependent on the church for getting information. As a result, member of various communities became aware of each other and hence it helped them imagine the nation and the feeling of being a nation (Capmack 2005). In complete contrast to Kedouries hostility to the idea of nationalism, Anderson posits that nationalism contributes to a better society and encourages good behaviour: You follow the laws because they are your laws (2005). However, he agrees with Kedourie on the importance of history, arguing that such doctrines as nationalism or nationality are like cultural relics that can only be understood by tracing their historical roots, nature and motivations (1991: 4). He thus stated that eighteenth century Europe was not simply marked by the beginning of nationalism but by the end of religious forms of thought. Changes in the religious community, according to Anderson, gave rise to the belief that nationalism was a secular solution to the question of continuity that had been answered previously by religious faith. He wrote: What I am proposing is that nationalism has to be understood by aligning it, not with self-consciously-held political ideologies, but with the large cultural systems that preceded it- out of which, as well as against which- it came into being (1991: 11). Hence, in many ways, Anderson simply complements the arguments raised by Smith and Kedourie that the form of nationalism that dominates the world today is a combination of traditional religions and of secular political ideologies based on national self-determination. Another similarity arises by looking at their views on nationalism and language. Anderson suggested that language could be used as a cohesive force to nurture peoples love of their country. For example, songs, poetry, and national anthems are used as effective agents of nationalism (1991: 145). Accordingly, the use of language is a significant reason for the emergence of independent, divided states and the proliferation of print-word (Mar-Molinero Smith 1996: 70). Similarly, though more pessimistic and with almost sad undertones, Kedourie elaborates that language is a strong expression of ones individuality and thus the most important criterion for a nation to be recognized and to exist (1986: 64). The emphasis on language with regards to nations, and by extension of states, has had many negative side-effects among which language has been transformed into a political issue for which men are ready to kill and exterminate each other (1985: 71). Ernest Gellner Gellners Nations and Nationalism was a direct response to Elie Kedouries theory, which Gellner believed lacked any real comprehension of the reality of nationalism, as a result of its overly intellectual focus (Gellner 1983). He dissented on the idealist argument of Kedourie that nationalism was the consequence of a historical anomaly and intellectual blunders, and suggested that it was rather an unavoidable by-product of economic and technical progress (Gray 2004). Moreover, Gellner rejected the premise that the concept of nationalism was based on the philosophy of Kant, and then spread by inept philosophers and intellectuals. He defended Kant, maintaining that there is no relationship, other than a verbal one, between individual self-determination and national self-determination, and that Kant was a very model for that allegedly bloodless, cosmopolitan, emaciated ethic of the Enlightenment which romantic nationalists detested (OLeary 1997: 198). Similar to Kedouries pessimistic view, Gellner perceived nationalism as the strongest principle of political legitimacy in the modem world and stated that nations should be collectively and freely institutionally expressed, and ruled by its co-nationals.Nationalism invents nations where they do not exist. (1964: 168). Apart from nationalism, Gellner (1985: 1) believed that reformism and industrialization were the two enormous forces that were changing the world. This was his main departure from the concept suggested by Kedourie. Gellners derisive arguments against nationalism perturbed secular rationalists, socialists, and conservatives. He agreed with Kedourie that nationalism presupposes that such important concepts as social justice, material progress, utility and reason, rational principles and law are merely consequential doctrines in supporting and imposing an established and justifiable socio-political order, thus inciting unrelenting denunciation from socialists and liberals for about two centuries (OLeary 1997: 192) Although it appears that Gellner presented similar views to those expressed by Kedourie, he did, however, criticize Kedourie for omitting the sociological analysis in his study of nationalism. Gellner believed that nationalism became a sociological necessity in the modern world, whereas Kedourie rejected any sociological explanation as a form of reductionist economism (Kramer 1999: 637-638), and maintained that history has no depths to be plumbed or main lines to be traced out, and that history does not need explanatory principles, but only words to tell how things were (Kramer 1993). I believe that the differences between Gellner and Kedourie are rather of an epistemological nature than of a fundamental one. Although they dissent on origins of nationalism and on the type of their analysis, the basic concepts of their theories, however, do have significant similarities. For instance, they both recognize nationalism as a modern doctrine. Moreover, they both share a pessimistic view of nationalism and point out its dangerous consequences. Perhaps the similar nature between Gellners and Kedouries theories might be attributed to the significant influence that Kedourie had on Gellner. Lawrence (2005: 132) supports this idea when he writes: his focus on the links between nationalism and modernization certainly inspired later theorists such as Gellner and Hobsbawm. Critique / Conclusion Kedouries basic contention was one of enormous skepticism and suspicion especially vis-Ã  -vis third world nationalism, which he perceived as a reaction to European nationalism (1974: 1-153). It appears that his personal experiences greatly influenced his pessimism towards nationalism in general, and more specifically his rather hostile attitude toward a nations self-determination, leading to one of the main flaws in Kedouries theory. He was certain that the idea of national self-determination was not only absurd, but also destructive, immoral and could only lead to violence and discord in domestic politics (Minogue, 2008). Kedourie further postulated that the origins of self-determination were the Age of Enlightenment, which led men to discover the law of nature and rational principles, and its philosophical corollary-the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. This declaration states that a nation must exercise autonomy and that no man or group of men can go beyond the ambit of the law. Kedourie (1993: xiv) wrote: The law was universal, but this did not mean that there were no differences between men; it meant rather that there was something common to them all which was more important than any differences. While taking this rather skeptical stance, Kedourie failed to really develop his arguments on this particular issue any further, and thus left himself open to criticism based on philosophical and historical concerns. He successfully presented a path-breaking theory against the perils of nationalism. Historical events tell us that extreme nationalism has caused global disasters, wars, and massive poverty in the past. He was right in arguing that both conservative and socialist governments subscribed to the ideology of nationalism to achieve their national goals. Kedourie and other nationalist critics exposed nationalism as a dangerous political ideology that must be rejected. Smith, Anderson, and Gellner developed Kedouries theory by presenting the causes, historical origins, and consequences of nationalism. Furthermore, today one might argue that some collectivist countries like North Korea, China, Cuba, among others have made nationalism a secular religion. However, Kedouries theory was not flawless as the section above has to some extent already shown. Kedourie may have raised valid arguments against nationalism; however, as Smith pointed out, the relationship between ideology and nationalism is not always a negative one. In fact, for example, in the case of the periphery countries of the former Soviet Union, history has shown that a nationalist ideology enabled and mobilized people to free themselves from factors which enslaved them. Kedouries somewhat one-sided and hostile portrait of nationalism ignores its constructive aspects and its vital role in creating, as well as controlling, social and political change. Another major flaw in his work is of epistemological nature. Throughout his book one question repeatedly comes to mind: How does he know that? For instance, looking at the question of origin, he connects nationalism with the French revolution as mentioned above. However, why, accordingly to Kedourie, was there no nationalism before the modern era? He does not take issue with this and thus fails to give sufficient evidence for his argument and against more primordial views on nationalism. Moreover, Kedourie perceives nationalism as a (secular) form of religion and thus he suggests that it may substitute the traditional religions. According to him, the religious origins of nationalism are used merely for political purposes. However, he neglects the relationship between religion and pre-modern ethnic identities in many areas of the world and then overlooks religious and secular roots of modern nationalism and, thus over-simplifies the relation between religion and modern nationalism (Hutchinson Smith 1994: 70). Finally, it appears that his views on ideology and nationalism were heavily influenced by his personal experiences, as well as the British academic attitudes of that time, which were fundamentally skeptical of any ideology per se (personal conversation with lecturer). For instance, Michael Oakeshott, a mentor and colleague of Kedourie, doubted the political action and questioned the assertions made in defence of political ideology (Kedourie 1998a: 111). Kedourie was exposed to the teachings of early British scholars like Oakeshott who dismissed the notion of a science of politics. This is one of the reasons behind his pessimistic view on ideology and his scorn of the academics interference in politics. In the final analysis, however, I agree with Kedouries skeptical contention as, looking at the world today and how nationalism as portrayed by Kedourie has infected and affected many countries towards the negative, his warning proved to be valid. 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